G

Giga. An SI prefix for denominations of 1 billion (109).

G byte

One billion (109) bytes. Not to be confused with GB or gigabyte (230 bytes).

Galaxy Group

The group of companies proposing the Galaxy watermarking format. (IBM/NEC, Hitachi/Pioneer/Sony.)

GB

Gigabyte.

Gbps

Gigabits/second. Billions (109) of bits per second.

General Parameters (GPRMs)

GPRMs are used to store the users operational history and to modify a players behavior. DVD-Video players have 16 unique GPRMs. Each GRPM may store a fixed length, two-byte numerical value.

gigabyte

1,073,741,824 (230) bytes.

Group of Audio Frames (GOF)

Group of Audio Frames. The data area of 1/30 second which is composed of 20 audio frames of Linear PCM Audio.

Group of Pictures (GOP)

Group of pictures. In MPEG video, one or more I pictures followed by P and B pictures. A GOP is the atomic unit of MPEG video access. GOPs are limited in DVD-Video to 18 frames for 525/60 and 15 frames for 625/50.

gray market

Dealers and distributors who sell equipment without proper authorization from the manufacturer.

Green Book

The document developed in 1987 by Philips and Sony as an extension to CD-ROM XA for the CD-i system.

 

I picture (or I frame)

In MPEG video, an intra picture that is encoded independent from other pictures (see intraframe). Transform coding (DCT, quantization, and VLC) is used with no motion compensation, resulting in only moderate compression. I pictures provide a reference point for dependent P pictures and B pictures and allow random access into the compressed video stream.

i.Link

Trademarked Sony name for IEEE 1394.

ID Error Correction (IEC)

2 special error correction bytes (IEC) that are added to each sector header.

IDE

Integrated Drive Electronics. An internal bus, or standard electronic interface between a computer and internal block storage devices. IDE was adopted as a standard by ANSI in November 1990. ANSI calls it Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA). Also see E-IDE and ATAPI.

Identification Data (ID)

32-bit field identifying the sector number within the disc volume.

IDTV

Improved-definition television. A television receiver that improves the apparent quality of the picture from a standard video signal by using techniques such as frame doubling, line doubling, and digital signal processing.

IEC

International Electrotechnical Commission.

IED

ID error correction. An error-detection code applied to each sector ID on a DVD disc.

IEEE 1394

A standard for transmission of digital data between external peripherals, including consumer audio and video devices. Also known as FireWire or i.Link.

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. An electronics standards body.

IFE

In-flight entertainment.

I-MPEG

Intraframe MPEG. An unofficial variation of MPEG video encoding that uses only intraframe compression. I-MPEG is used by DV equipment.

interframe

Something that occurs between multiple frames of video. Interframe compression takes temporal redundancy into account. Contrast with intraframe.

interlace

A video scanning system in which alternating lines are transmitted, so that half a picture is displayed each time the scanning beam moves down the screen. An interlaced frame is made of two fields.

interleave

To arrange data in alternating chunks so that selected parts can be extracted while other parts are skipped over, or so that each chunk carries a piece of a different data stream. In DVD, used for seamless multi-angle and Director's cut features, in which multiplexed streams are subsequently interleaved to allow seamless playback of alternate program material.

interpolate

To increase the pixels, scan lines, or pictures when scaling an image or a video stream by averaging together adjacent pixels, lines, or frames to create additional inserted pixels or frames. This generally causes a softening of still images and a blurriness of motion images because no new information is created. Compare to filter.

intraframe

Something that occurs within a single frame of video. Intraframe compression does not reduce temporal redundancy, but allows each frame to be independently manipulated or accessed. (See I picture.) Compare to interframe.

inverse telecine

The reverse of 3:2 pulldown, where the frames which were duplicated to create 60-fields/second video from 24-frames/second film source are removed. MPEG-2 video encoders usually apply an inverse telecine process to convert 60-fields/second video into 24-frames/second encoded video. The encoder adds information enabling the decoder to recreate the 60-fields/second display rate.

ISO

International Organization for Standardization (see http://www.iso.ch).

ISO 2202

Information Processing - ISO 7-bit and 8-bit coded character sets - Code extension techniques

ISO 3166

Codes for the representation of names of countries.

ISO 3901

Documentation - International Standard Recording Code (ISRC).

ISO 639

Codes for the representation of names of languages.

ISO 8859-1

Information Processing - 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets.

ISO 9660

The international standard for the file system used by CD-ROM. Allows file names of only 8 characters plus a 3-character extension.

ISO/IEC 11172

Information technology coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media up to about 1.5 Mbit/s. (MPEG-1)

ISO/IEC 13818

Information technology- generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio. (MPEG-2)

ISO/IEC DIS 13818-3

Information technology- generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio.

ISRC

International Standard Recording Code.

ITU

International Telecommunication Union.

ITU-R BT.601

The international standard specifying the format of digital component video. Currently at version 5 (identified as 601-5).